24. Clauses of condition, concession and contrast（條件從句、讓步從句和對比從句）

24.1 if, unless

*24.2 provided / providing (that), as / so long as, in case, on condition that, supposing

24.3 thought, although, whether, even though, even if

*24.4 no matter + wh-words

*24.5 wh-words + -ever

*24.6 whereas, while

*24.7 Adj / Adv + as / though

25. Clauses of cause, result and purpose（原因從句、結果從句和目的從句）

25.1 because, as, since, (so)…that, so(that), in order that

*25.2 now (that), seeing that, considering that, in that

*25.3 for fear that, lest

*26. Clauses of manner and comparison（方式從句和比較從句）

26.1 as, as…as, not so(so)…as, more than, less than, no / not more than

26.2 as, just as

26.3 as if, as though

*27. Clauses of proportion and other types（比例從句和其它從句）

27.1 the…, the…

27.2 as…so

27.3 except that

27.4 as-clause following a noun and functioning as a relative clause（名詞后的as從句作定語）

e.g. Light as it comes from the sun is…

*28. Coordination（并列）

Coordinators: and, both…and, not only…but(also), as well as, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or, not…but, for, etc.

*29. Clause with introductory it（用引導詞it 的從句）

29.1 Anticipatory it as subject or object

*29.2 it in emphatic sentence

e.g. It is / was…that / who

*30. Pro-form（替代形式）

30.1 Pro-forms for noun phrases（名詞短語的替代形式）

30.1.1 3rd person pronouns, and plurals of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns（第三人稱代詞，第一、二人稱代詞的復數）

30.1.2 indefinite pronouns（不定代詞）( + of + N / Pron)

30.1.3 one, ones, that, those

30.1.4 the same, the former, the latter

30.2 Pro-forms for adverbials（副詞的替代形式）

here, then, thus

30.3 Pro-forms for predicate（謂語的替代形式）

30.3.1 do, do so

30.3.2 so do, so will

30.4 Sentence / Clause reference（句子或從句的替代形式）

30.4.1 this, the following

30.4.2 so, not

e.g. A: Do you think he will come?

B: Yes, I think so. (or) No, I think not.

*31. Multiple modification（多級修飾）

31.1 Multiple premodification（多級前位修飾）

e.g. possibilities of obtaining water from under the ground

31.2 Multiple postm（多級后位修飾）

*32. Discontinuous modification（割裂修飾）

32.1 Separation of relative clause from its antecedent（定語從句與所修飾的名詞割裂）

32.2 Separation of V-ing / V-ed / Prep-phrase from its head noun（現在分詞 / 過去分詞 / 介詞短語與所修飾的名詞割裂）

32.3 Separation of appositive(clause)from its antecedent（同位語[從句]與所同位的詞的割裂）

32.4 Separation of Prep-phrase from adjective（介詞短語與形容詞割裂）

e.g. different techniques from those

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