*33. Subject-verb inversion（主語與謂語倒裝）

33.1 Sentences beginning with neither, nor, so, etc.

33.2 Sentences beginning with negative adverb expressions

e.g. hardly, never, rarely, etc.

33.3 Sentences beginning with adverbs of position and direction

e.g. here, there, down, away, etc.

33.4 Sentences beginning with a fronted predicative

e.g. More important is the principle of…

33.5 Sentences beginning with only + Adv, not only

*34. Parenthesis（插入語）

e. g. actually, generally speaking, to be exact, as a result, as you see, etc.

*35. Omission（省略）

35.1 Omission through coordination （并列結構中的省略）

e. g. It’s cold in December in England, but (it’s cold ) in July in New Zealand.

35.2 Omission in the following clauses:（下列從句中的省略）

Whether…or not, whatever, as, than, the…,the…

*36. Negation （否定）

36.1 Total negation（全部否定）

36.2 Partial negation （部分否定）

36.3 Double negation （雙重否定）

35.4 Transferred negation （轉移否定）

e. g. I don’t think it will be cold today.

*37. Emphasis（強調）

37.1 By single words or phases（用單個詞或詞組）

e. g. only, even, just, ever, alone, must, still, too, very, a good (great) deal, (by) far, a lot etc.

37.2 By reflexive pronouns, auxiliary verb do or emphatic it（用反身代詞、助動詞do或強調結構中的it）

37.3 By inversion or competition(用倒裝或重復)

e.g. Hardly did I think it possible.

I agree with every word you have said�every single word.

*38. Word formation(構詞法)

38.1 Affixation(詞綴法)

38.2 Conversion(轉化法)

38.3 Compounding(合成法)

*39. Abbreviation(縮略法)

e.g. TV, ad, smog, etc.

40. Punctuation(標點)

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