重點(diǎn)中學(xué)英語語法講義-被動(dòng)語態(tài)

一、概說

英語的語態(tài)分主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)，主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作是執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成：

Everybody respects him. 大家都尊敬他。 (主動(dòng)語態(tài))

He is respected by everybody. 他受到大家的尊敬。(被動(dòng)語態(tài))

二、主動(dòng)語態(tài)如何變被動(dòng)語態(tài)

1. 基本方法

將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，將主動(dòng)謂語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)謂語(be+過去分詞)，將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)?/SPAN>by短語(在被動(dòng)句中用作狀語)：

He stole our money.→Our money was stolen by him.

注：(1)若不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的by短語通常可以省略：

The house was built in 1978. 這座房子是1978年建的。

(2) 在轉(zhuǎn)變語態(tài)時(shí)，要注意保持兩種語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)的一致性：

The students will study the problem.

→The problem will be studied by the students.

A friend of ours is repairing the roof.

→The roof is being repaired by a friend of ours.

2. 雙賓動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

雙賓動(dòng)詞即指帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞，它們?cè)谧優(yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，有以下兩種情形值得注意：

(1) 有些雙賓動(dòng)詞(如award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell等)在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，既可把間接賓語(指人)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，而把直接賓語(指事物)保留下來(稱為保留賓語)，也可把直接賓語(指事物)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，而把間接賓語改為介詞to 或for引起的狀語(到底用to還是for，與所搭配的動(dòng)詞有關(guān))。比較：

He gave her some money. 他給她一些錢。

→ She was given some money. / Some money was given to him.

He bought her a watch. 他給她買了一快表。

→ A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch.

(2) 有些雙賓動(dòng)詞(如bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write等)通常用直接賓語(指事物)作被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語，而將間接賓語用作保留賓語(其前根據(jù)情況用介詞to或for)：

Father made me a doll. → A doll was made for me.

He wrote her a letter. → A letter was written to her.

(3) 有些雙賓動(dòng)詞(如answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spare等)通常用間接賓語(指人)作被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語，而將直接賓語用作保留賓語：

He answered me that question. → I was answered that question by him.

3. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式

若主動(dòng)語態(tài)中謂語含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，在相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)中通常應(yīng)保留該情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be(或be的適當(dāng)形式)+過去分詞”：

Everyone must know this. →This must be known by everyone.

請(qǐng)看以下帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)句實(shí)例：

This can’t be done in a short time. 這不是短期內(nèi)可以完成的。

She may have been sent to work elsewhere. 她可能被派到別處工作去了。

The door must have been locked by my wife. 門一定是我妻子鎖的。

The environment should be improved. 環(huán)境應(yīng)當(dāng)改善。

The second point needn’t be discussed today. 第二點(diǎn)今天不必討論。

三、非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

1. 不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

由“to be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成：

He needs to be taken care of. 他需要人照顧。

Not a sound was to be heard. 聽不到一點(diǎn)聲音。

It’s better to be prepared than unprepared. 有準(zhǔn)備比沒有準(zhǔn)備好。

注：有時(shí)用不定式的完成體被動(dòng)式(to have been+過去分詞)：

I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想讓人把結(jié)果早點(diǎn)告訴我。

2. 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

由“being+過去分詞”構(gòu)成：

The building being repaired is our library. 正在維修的那座樓是我們的圖書館。

Being protected by a wall，he felt quite safe. 有一堵墻保護(hù)，他感到很安全。

He was seen being taken away by the police. 有人看見他被警察帶走了。

注：有時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成體被動(dòng)式(having been+過去分詞)：

Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow. 因?yàn)檠��?qǐng)我去講話，我明天就得做準(zhǔn)備。

3. 動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

由“being+過去分詞”構(gòu)成：

She likes being looked at. 她喜歡被人瞧。

He objected to being treated as a child. 他反對(duì)被當(dāng)成孩子看待。

This question is far from being settled. 這個(gè)問題遠(yuǎn)沒解決。

4. 過去分詞沒有被動(dòng)式

但過去分詞本身可以表示被動(dòng)意義：

The door remained locked. 門仍然鎖著。

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