3. 在“名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：

Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進了課室，手里拿著一本書。

比較with的復合結構：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.

4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式。如：

The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會。

比較動名詞復合結構：

The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.

5. 獨立主格結構作時間或原因狀語時，可用完成時，表示該動作發生在謂語之前。如：

The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.聽眾坐好后，音樂會開始了。

Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。

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