3.5 that用于指代(demonstrative)還是替代(substitution)　　

　3.5.1　 that用于指代和替代的區(qū)別　　

that (復數(shù)those)有兩種用法：一是作指代詞(demonstrative)；二是作替代詞(substitution)。但是，這二者之間有時又很難區(qū)分。 　　

《新編英語語法》(第三版)p1476：替代(Substitution)是一種避免重復、連接上下文的語法手段。這種手段的特點是用“替代詞” (Substitution Pro-form)來替換上下文中的特定詞語。“替代詞”不同于“指代詞”(Coreference Pro-form)，前者僅是替代一個詞語；后者則是指代一個對象。不論是替代詞還是指代詞都有它們的“先行項”(Antecedent)，不過替代詞和先行項之間是是一種“替代關系”(Replacement)，而指代詞和先行項之間則是一種“共指關系”(Coreference)，即兩者共同指向一個特定的人或物。　　

《英語語法詞典》p824：替代是為了省略或避免重復而使用的一種方法。用來替代的詞或短語叫做代用詞語(substitute)或替代形式(pro-form)，大多數(shù)替代形式都是復指的，即上文已經(jīng)提到的某一內(nèi)容。替代可以用在一個句子的內(nèi)部，但多數(shù)情況是跨越句子。 　　

根據(jù)以上觀點，本文把3.3中的that看作是指代(demonstrative)，3.4中的that既可以看作是指代(demonstrative)，也可以看作是替代(substitution)，而把do that中的that看作是替代(substitution)。例如：　　

And it has no choice but to lie down and sleep. To do that, it must find a place where it can keep fairly warm;…　　

　3.5.2　 do it，do that和do so的區(qū)別　　

do it，do that和do so 表示動作、行為，多替代動態(tài)動詞。do it 和do that與do so相比，更強調(diào)上文提到的具體動作或事件，三者有時可以通用。例如：　　

“Rover is scratching the door.”  “Yes, he always does so/does it/does that when he wants attention.”　　

“John abandoned his car during the snowstorm.”  “I don’t know he did so/ did it/ did that.”　　

“I rode a camel in 　　Morocco　　.”  “ I’d like to do that.”　　

但是，do it，do that和do so之間也有差異：do it強調(diào)所做的是特定的一個動作，一件事情；do that可表示所做的是一般行為，那種事；而do so強調(diào)所做的是一般行為，那種事。試比較：　　

Is Connie still trying to light the stove? She should have done it by now. (強調(diào)生爐子這一動作)　　

Are you trying to light the stove with a match? I wouldn’t do that. (強調(diào)對用火柴生爐子這件事的驚奇)　　

Martin is painting his house. I’m told he does it every four years. (前后兩個場合一個動作；does that也可以)　　

Martin is painting his house. I’m told this is merely because his neighbor did so last year. (同一種一般性動作：油漆房屋；do so 比do it/do that更強調(diào)其為類屬關系)　　

在被動句中，通常不用do so，而較常用 do that/ do it。例如：　　

How can free electrons be made to move along a wire? Well, men have found several ways to do that.　　

Has the water been turned off? Who did it without asking me?　　

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