六、“過去分詞”一定表被動嗎？

英語語法有一條規則：就是“現在分詞表主動；過去分詞表被動”，這已經是大家公認的規則了。

然而，任何事物都有其特殊的現象和內在規律，英語亦然。在有些情況下，英語過去分詞無論作狀語、作賓補還是作定語，并不表示被動，而是主動。例如：

Faced with so many problems, they never gave up. 面對如此多的問題，他們從未放棄。

We found John seated in a chair, writing a letter. 我們發現約翰坐在椅子上，正在寫信。

The woman dressed in red clothes was his aunt. 這個穿紅色衣服的女人是他的姨媽。

語法書上講“過去分詞表被動”，但這卻是“過去分詞表主動”，或者說“被動語態表主動”。這是一個很有意思的問題，英語中確實存在這種現象，應該是有一定規律可循的。下面對此作一分析歸納。

（一）首先，這種現象的本質之一，緣于反身代詞的用法。主語和賓語為同一個人，主語是動作的發出者，又是動作的接受者，這就出現了被動語態或過去分詞都表示“主動”含義的語言現象。常見的這類用法歸納如下：

abandon yourself to沉湎于=be abandoned to

absorb oneself in 專心于=be absorbed in

dress oneself in穿衣= be dressed in

seat oneself in/on坐在=be seated in/on

face oneself with 面對=be faced with

addict oneself to 沉迷于=be addicted to

accustom oneself to 習慣于=be accustomed to

devote oneself to 獻身于=be devoted to

hide oneself 藏起來=be hidden

lose oneself in 迷失于=be lost in

settle oneself in定居于=be settled in

prepare oneself for為做準備=be prepared for

recover oneself from 從病中中痊愈= be recovered from

camp oneself in在某地宿營=be camped in

例如：

Absorbed in the newspaper, he didn’t hear the bell. 他專心讀報，連門鈴也沒聽見。

Camped in the field across the stream, we could go fishing during the day. 在小溪對面的田野里宿營，我們可以在白天去釣魚。

Fully recovered from his operation, he decided to leave the hospital. 從他的手術完全恢復后，他決定離開醫院。

（二）英語中有一種“使令性動詞”，意為“使……怎么樣”，表示人的心理或情緒變化。這類動詞在句子中經常以過去分詞的面貌出現，但在意思上卻沒有被動的意思。例如：

Satisfied with his result of the final examination, Tom was smiling all the time. 由于對期末考試結果很滿意，湯姆樂得一直在笑。

Disappointed at her son’s behavior, she couldn’t sleep well all the time. 因對兒子的表現感到失望，她一直睡不好覺。

Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had mad a list of the sites she wanted to see in　London. (P 14, Unit 2, Book 5) 因擔心可用的時間有限，張萍玉事先列出了她計劃在倫敦參觀的景點。

常見的這類“使令性動詞”有：satisfy, frighten, amuse, amaze, surprise, astonish, shock, bore, tire, delight, disappoint, discourage, encourage, excite, interest, annoy, fascinate, upset, puzzle, confuse, move, worry, inspire, embarrass, frustrate, please, fascinate, disturb, terrify, horrify, thrill, relax等，都有這種用法。

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