引導定語從句的關系代詞用法綜述

一、關系代詞的概念

簡單地說，關系代詞就是用于引志定語從句的代詞。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。關系代詞用于代表先行詞，同時又在定語從句中作一定的句子成分(如作主語、賓語或定語等)。英語中的關系代詞主要有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as等。如：

The boy who threw the stone is the one with curly hair. 扔石頭的那個男孩子是鬈發的。

The road which joins the villages is very narrow. 連接兩個村子的公路很窄狹。

The boys whose names were called stood up. 叫到名字的男孩們站了起來。

I had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice. 我飯后喝咖啡，這是我的習慣。

二、關系代詞that的用法

關系代詞在句子中既可用于指人，也可用于指物；從所充當的句子成分來看，它既可用作主語，也用作賓語。如：

1. 用于指人的用法：

He is the person that heard you calling. 他就是聽到你叫的那個人。

He is the man who lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那個人。

2. 用于指事物的用法：

The office that deals with passports is upstairs. 辦護照的辦公室在樓上。

The missile that killed Goliath was a stone. 打死戈利亞斯的投擲物是塊石頭。

The bus that crashed was carrying 30 passengers. 撞毀的公交車上有30名乘客。

The bus that crashed was carrying 30 passengers. 撞毀的公交車上有30名乘客。

三、關系代詞who的用法

關系代詞who在定語從句中通常只用于指人，不用于指事物。它在句子中主要用作主語或賓語。如：

Nothing is difficult to the man who will try. 世上無難事，只要肯攀登。

The window was broken by the boy who lives opposite. 窗戶被住在對面的那個男孩打破了。

四、關系代詞whom的用法

關系代詞who在定語從句中通常只用于指人，不用于指事物。它在句子中主要用作賓語。如：

She married the man to whom she was engaged. 她嫁給了與她訂婚的那個男人。

The man with whom I traveled couldn’t speak English. 和我一道旅行的人不會說英語。

The bankrupt and the men to whom he owed money arranged an accommodation. 破產者和他的債權人協議調解。

The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在評論中批評的那個作者已寫了一封回信。

若直接用于介詞后作賓語，只能用whom；但是，若不是直接用于介詞后，則也可用who代替whom。如：

Then I telephoned the doctor whom [who] Charles had recommended. 于是我給查爾斯推薦的醫生了電話。

五、關系代詞whose的用法

關系代詞whose在定語從句中主要用作定語。如：

He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽車被竊的人。

You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 你是惟一可能使他聽從勸告的人。

The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it. 那個雨傘被你拿走的女人對此很生氣。

whose既可指人，也可指物。指物時，可用含有of which的結構(注意詞序)或其他結構替換。如：

He’s written a book whose name I’ve forgotten.

=He’s written a book the name of which I’ve forgotten.

=He’s written a book of which I’ve forgotten the name.

=He’s written a book that I’ve forgotten the name of.

他寫了一本書，書名我忘了。

但是，whose指人時，通常不能用含有of whom的結構來替換，如：

他就是汽車被竊的人。

誤：He is the man the car of whom was stolen.

正：He is the man whose car was stolen.