二、利用動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系

動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系在選項(xiàng)中的直接體現(xiàn)為一般式還是完成式。一般說來，當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前時(shí)，非謂語動(dòng)詞原則上要用完成式。

1. 涉及不定式的動(dòng)作先后關(guān)系

Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) _________ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. (重慶卷)

A. is said to be buying                                        B. is said to have bought

C. had said to buy                                              D. has said to have bought

答案為B。“be said+不定式”是英語中一個(gè)很有用的結(jié)構(gòu)，其意為“據(jù)說”。其中的不定式是用一般式還是完成式，取決于該不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前還是之后。根據(jù)句意可知，buy birds肯定發(fā)生在過去，或者說發(fā)生在is said之前，所以其中的不定式要用完成式，故答案選B。又如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer. 據(jù)說布朗先生死于肝癌。

2. 涉及動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作先后關(guān)系

I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention _________ when we talked on the phone. (江西卷)

A. to promote                                                  B. having been promoted

C. having promoted                                          D. to be promoted

答案為B。由于動(dòng)詞mention后接動(dòng)詞作賓語時(shí)，習(xí)慣上要用動(dòng)名詞，不用不定式，故可排除A和D；再根據(jù)句意可知，句中的he與promote之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要用被動(dòng)式，同時(shí)，由于“被提拔”與“提到”之間有明顯的先后關(guān)系，即“被提拔”在先，“提到”在后，故用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式，即答案選B。

3. 涉及現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作先后關(guān)系

(1) _________ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. (陜西卷)

A. Having shown                                    B. To be shown    

C. Having been shown                             D. To show

答案為C。根據(jù)句意可知，“我們”與“帶去參觀”之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式，可排除A和D；再根據(jù)句中的then可知，前后動(dòng)作有明顯的先后關(guān)系，故先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作要用完成式，故選C。

(2) _________ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead. (重慶卷)

A. Fail                      B. Failed                     C. To fail                     D. Having failed

答案為D。根據(jù)語境分析，“用電話聯(lián)系”與“發(fā)電子郵件”兩個(gè)動(dòng)作之間有明顯的先后關(guān)系，故先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作要用完成式。

【注意】由于過去分詞本身可以表示完成，所以過去分詞不用完成式，同時(shí)它也沒有完成式。請(qǐng)看一道相關(guān)的高考題：

It is one of the funniest things _________ on the Internet so far this year. (浙江卷)

A. finding                  B. being found             C. to find                    D. found

答案為D。由于things與find之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故可排除A和C。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)該是這件有趣的事先被人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，后才被人們談?wù)�，但由于過去分詞沒有完成式，故用一般式表示完成，故選found。

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