三、英語獨立主格結構的用法

獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當于一個狀語從句或并列句。      

1. 用作時間狀語

The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。

2. 用作條件狀語

Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。

3. 用作原因狀語

An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

4. 用作伴隨狀語

He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。

5. 表示補充說明

A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一個獵人走了進來，他的臉凍得通紅。

We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。

注：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。

四、使用獨立主格結構的幾點注意

1. 當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：

After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后，學生很快離開了課室。

2. 在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略：

(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：

It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。

(2) 在There being＋名詞的結構中。如：

There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。

3. 在“名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：

Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進了課室，手里拿著一本書。

比較with的復合結構：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.

4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式。如：

The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會。

比較動名詞復合結構：

The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.

5. 獨立主格結構作時間或原因狀語時，可用完成時，表示該動作發生在謂語之前。如：

The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.聽眾坐好后，音樂會開始了。

Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。

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