（二）

關(guān)于You don’t think 是否存在“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”問(wèn)題，我再補(bǔ)充以下幾點(diǎn)：

（一）在現(xiàn)實(shí)語(yǔ)言中，在一個(gè)陳述的單句里面，人們相對(duì)較少說(shuō)這樣的句子：You don’t think you have time.“你認(rèn)為你沒有時(shí)間。”——這是因?yàn)椋�在一個(gè)陳述的單句中，“你”本人的觀點(diǎn)別人不好評(píng)判。但是，在一些從句和含有疑問(wèn)的句子（如反義疑問(wèn)句）中，第二人稱“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”的用法就很普遍，例如：

1. If you don't think you have time today, we'll ask someone else for help. 如果你覺得你今天沒有時(shí)間，我們將會(huì)向別人求助。

2. It is likely to happen especially when you don’t think it is possible. 事情會(huì)很可能發(fā)生，特別是當(dāng)你認(rèn)為不可能的時(shí)候。

3. Sometimes people may apologize even though they don't think they have done anything wrong. 有時(shí)候人們可能會(huì)道歉，即便他們認(rèn)為他們沒有做錯(cuò)什么事。

4. You don't think I should go either? 你認(rèn)為我也不該去嗎？

5. You don't think I'm mature, do you? Actually I am already a grown-up. 你認(rèn)為我不成熟，是不是？其實(shí)我已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了。

（二）如果用反義疑問(wèn)句來(lái)證實(shí)第二人稱不存在“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”，我認(rèn)為沒有說(shuō)服力。說(shuō)句真心話，“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”跟反義疑問(wèn)句無(wú)關(guān)。

剛才上面提到，在現(xiàn)實(shí)語(yǔ)言中，人們較少說(shuō)這樣的句子：You don’t think you have time. 這是因?yàn)椋�在一個(gè)陳述的單句中，“你”本人的觀點(diǎn)別人怎好評(píng)判？所以在語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐中，往往在句子后面，加一個(gè)附加問(wèn)句(tag question)：do you? 以征求對(duì)方肯定或否定的答復(fù)。

You don’t think you have time, do you?

“你認(rèn)為你現(xiàn)在沒時(shí)間，是嗎？”

該反義疑問(wèn)句，是根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)形成的：You don’t..., do you? （前否后肯）

類似的例句比較多，限于篇幅就不再列舉了。

【特別說(shuō)明】有老師引用章振邦先生的觀點(diǎn)（他的親筆回信），話題是反義疑問(wèn)句，里面涉及到“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”問(wèn)題。現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是，通過(guò)討論反義疑問(wèn)句，能否證明You don’t think不是“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”？以下是章振邦教授寫給一位中學(xué)老師的親筆信：

20多年前（1993年）遇到的一道選擇題：

You don't think that he is unfit for the office, ______? (A. do you   B. don't you   C. is he   D. isn't he)

正確答案是A（do you）。我對(duì)此感到很疑惑，于是便致函上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院英語(yǔ)系語(yǔ)法教研室主任《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》主編章振邦教授，章教授很熱心，在回信中詳細(xì)地解答了這個(gè)問(wèn)題（很幸運(yùn)，昨天在書柜里終于找到了這封回信）。現(xiàn)將回信全文貼上，供網(wǎng)友和老師們參考：

曾老師，您好！

8月20日來(lái)函所詢問(wèn)的句子我認(rèn)為并不存在“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”的問(wèn)題，其答案應(yīng)該是A（...，do you?）。理由是：當(dāng)imagine, expect, think之類的動(dòng)詞用于“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其前通常帶有第一人稱主語(yǔ)，隨后若有“附加疑問(wèn)句”（QYESTION TAG）其主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞則應(yīng)與that-分句保持一致，例如：

I don't think she has met you before.

= I think she hasn't met you before.

→ I think she hasn't met you before, has she?

→ I don't think she has met you before, has she?

這類結(jié)構(gòu)的主句也可以用第三人稱主語(yǔ)，例如：

She doesn't think that he would say anything about it.

= She thinks that he wouldn't say anything about it.

→ She thinks he wouldn't say anything about it, would he?

→ She doesn't think he would say anything about it, would he?

但若用第二人稱主語(yǔ)，問(wèn)題就改變了，因?yàn)?/SPAN> You don't think that he is unfit for the office.并不等于You think that he is not unfit for the office.因此，在用“附加疑問(wèn)”時(shí)，只能與主句的主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞保持一致，而不能與that-分句保持一致,從而最佳選擇應(yīng)該是A：

You don't think that he is unfit for the office, do you?

那么，為什么此句不存在“轉(zhuǎn)移否定”的問(wèn)題呢？試觀察以下轉(zhuǎn)換形式（凡是“轉(zhuǎn)移否定”結(jié)構(gòu)通常可做如下轉(zhuǎn)換）：

I don't think she has met you before.

= She hasn't met you before, I think.

I don't imagine he cares.

= He doesn’t care, I imagine.

而You don’t think he is unfit for the office.卻不可以轉(zhuǎn)換為

*He is not unfit for the office, you think.

因?yàn)檫@樣一轉(zhuǎn)換，句子就講不通了。所以，這類語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題必須結(jié)合語(yǔ)義來(lái)考慮，問(wèn)題才能講得清。以上僅系我個(gè)人看法，供參考。

此致，敬禮。

章振邦

1993, 8, 26

以上來(lái)信表明：

（1）章教授認(rèn)為：第一人稱才是“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”，原因是“附加問(wèn)句”是has he，不是do I。——I don't think she has met you before, has she?

其實(shí)，這是顯而易見的道理，哪有“自己?jiǎn)栕约?/SPAN>”的？實(shí)際上，I think 和I don’t think是“我”的觀點(diǎn)，賓語(yǔ)從句才是信息的重心所在，它的附加問(wèn)句，是想征求別人對(duì)賓語(yǔ)從句內(nèi)容的判斷，故用has she。我認(rèn)為，用這個(gè)論據(jù)去證明“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”屬于“歪打正著”。如果再用這個(gè)論據(jù)去證實(shí)You don’t think不是“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”，那就錯(cuò)了！

（2）章教授還認(rèn)為：第三人稱跟第一人稱一樣，在反意疑問(wèn)句中，附加問(wèn)句也是賓語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容，也屬于“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”：

She doesn't think he would say anything about it, would he?

我認(rèn)為這不是問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。其實(shí)這句話的附加問(wèn)句，用does she完全可以：

She doesn't think he would say anything about it, does she?

請(qǐng)問(wèn)：用would he是否定轉(zhuǎn)移，難道用does she就不是否定轉(zhuǎn)移了？

（3）章教授特別指出：第二人稱跟第一人稱和第三人稱就不一樣了，在反意疑問(wèn)句中，附加問(wèn)句不是賓語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容，而是根據(jù)主句變來(lái)：do you？所以就不存在“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”。如：

You don't think that he is unfit for the office, do you?

如果章教授用I don’t think的論據(jù)，去證明You don’t think不是“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”，那就是公式化和格式化了。前面已經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，I don’t think的附加問(wèn)句不能用do I的原因。然而，You don’t think 是“你的看法”，在它的附加問(wèn)句里面，我們需要的回答是：“你是否持有這個(gè)看法”。既然賓語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容是“你的看法”，那么，還有必要再問(wèn)一次賓語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容嗎：You don't think that he is unfit for the office, is he?

章振邦教授是大家公認(rèn)的我國(guó)一流的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家，也是我最敬重的語(yǔ)法專家之一。我們本著實(shí)事求是、百家爭(zhēng)鳴的原則，探討英語(yǔ)問(wèn)題。如有不妥和冒犯之處，敬請(qǐng)批評(píng)指正。

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