定語從句之專題二
that引導定語從句(系統講解內在原理)
(本文節選自高偉《魔方英語語法》第十一章第四節。已經登記版權,請勿用于商業用途。)
(原文標題:定語從句的引導詞that的代替和省略)
因為引導詞對先行詞的復指(重復指定),所以,定語從句的引導詞有時可以代替或省略。(注意,因為名從和狀從沒有先行詞,所以,名從和狀從的引導詞不能代替或省略。)。如,
●The school which/that/Ø he once studied in is very famous.(由于which復指先行詞the school,所以,有時可以代替為that,也可以省略。)
下文中,1/2/3/4講代替,5/6講that省略。
1/2/3/4講代替 |
that本身就是為了代替who(m)/which而產生的,同時也就出現了that與who(m)/which的對比問題。 |
5/6講省略 |
that作連詞時可以省略的情況,和,that作代詞時可以省略的情況 |
下邊依次講解。
1.that本身是為了代替who(m)/which而產生的。前邊講過,關系代詞一般是由疑問代詞變來的。但是,that并不是疑問代詞,為何也能引導定語從句呢?這是因為,that本身就是為了代替who(m)/which而產生的。
例句(that代替who(m)/which)
●The man ____you met just now is my old friend.
(填who(m)/that/∅。who/that指人。作賓語時可以省略。)
●The man ____is walking on the playground is my old friend.
(填who/that。who/that指人。作主語時不能省略。)
●Take the book ____is lying on the table.
(填which/that。which/that指物。)
●Do you know the things and persons____they are talking about?
(先行詞既有人又有物時,用that。因為that可以指人/物,用一個就可以代替。)
2. that/who(m)/which用法比較表,見下表:
情況 \ 引導詞 |
who(m)指人 |
which指物 |
that指人/物 |
①當先行詞被強勢指定時 |
× |
× |
that(人/物) |
②當先行詞是不定代詞時 |
who(m) |
× |
that(人/物) |
③當主句是there be時 |
who(m) |
× |
that(人/物) |
④當引導詞作表語時 |
× |
which (人/物) |
that(人/物) |
⑤是否能直接作介詞的賓語 |
whom |
which |
× |
⑥是否能引導非限制性定語從句 |
who(m) |
which |
× |
下邊舉例說明。
各種情況下的先行詞 |
舉例 |
①先行詞被強勢指定時,宜用that。如,the+最高級+n.;序數詞+n.;the only/very/same/last+n. |
This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
This is the first American film that I have ever seen.
This is the only thing that we can do. |
②先行詞是指物的不定代詞時,宜用that。如,something/anything等;all/few等(+指物名詞)。 |
I want to buy something that will make me look younger.
He was talking with somebody who(m)/that I didn’t know. |
先行詞是指人的不定代詞時,宜用who(m)/that。如,somebody/anybody等;all/few等(+指人名詞)。 |
All the people who/that present burst into tears.
You should hand in all (the things) that you have.
All the books, which had pictures in them were sent to the little girl.(有all但非限定,則用which。) |
③主句是there be句型時,先行詞指人用who(m)/that,先行詞指物用that。 |
There’re some people who/that have holidays in Hainan.
There is a seat in the corner that is still available. |
④引導詞在從句中作指人表語時,要用that或which,不能用who(m)。 |
He is not the man that he was.(用that作指人表語)
The policeman was completely trusted, which in fact he was.(在非限制性定從中,用which作指人表語。) |
注:⑤的例句見第四節.六.6。⑥的例句見第五節.一。
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