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      定語從句之專題二:that引導定語從句(系統講解內在原理)
      作者:高  偉  文章來源:本站原創  點擊數  更新時間:2017-07-20  文章錄入:admin  責任編輯:admin


       

      定語從句之專題二

       

      that引導定語從句(系統講解內在原理)

       

      (本文節選自高偉《魔方英語語法》第十一章第四節。已經登記版權,請勿用于商業用途。)

      (原文標題:定語從句的引導詞that的代替和省略)

       

      因為引導詞對先行詞的復指(重復指定),所以,定語從句的引導詞有時可以代替或省略。(注意,因為名從和狀從沒有先行詞,所以,名從和狀從的引導詞不能代替或省略。)。如,

      ●The school which/that/Ø he once studied in is very famous.(由于which復指先行詞the school,所以,有時可以代替為that,也可以省略。)

      下文中,1/2/3/4講代替,5/6that省略。

      1/2/3/4講代替

      that本身就是為了代替who(m)/which而產生的,同時也就出現了thatwho(m)/which的對比問題。

      5/6講省略

      that作連詞時可以省略的情況,和,that作代詞時可以省略的情況

       

       下邊依次講解。

       1.that本身是為了代替who(m)/which而產生的。前邊講過,關系代詞一般是由疑問代詞變來的。但是,that并不是疑問代詞,為何也能引導定語從句呢?這是因為,that本身就是為了代替who(m)/which而產生的。

      例句(that代替who(m)/which

      ●The man ____you met just now is my old friend.  

       (填who(m)/that/who/that指人。作賓語時可以省略。)

      ●The man ____is walking on the playground is my old friend. 

      (填who/thatwho/that指人。作主語時不能省略。)

      ●Take the book ____is lying on the table. 

      (填which/thatwhich/that指物。)

      Do you know the things and persons____they are talking about

      (先行詞既有人又有物時,用that。因為that可以指人/物,用一個就可以代替。)

      2. that/who(m)/which用法比較表,見下表: 

      情況 \ 引導詞

      who(m)指人

      which指物

      that指人/

      當先行詞被強勢指定時

      ×

      ×

      that(/)

      當先行詞是不定代詞時

      who(m)

      ×

      that(/)

      當主句是there be

      who(m)

      ×

      that(/)

      當引導詞作表語時

      ×

      which (/)

      that(/)

      是否能直接作介詞的賓語

      whom

      which

      ×

      是否能引導非限制性定語從句

      who(m)

      which

      ×

       下邊舉例說明。

       

      各種情況下的先行詞

      舉例

      先行詞被強勢指定時,宜用that。如,the+最高級+n.;序數詞+n.the only/very/same/last+n.

      This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.

      This is the first American film that I have ever seen.

      This is the only thing that we can do.

      先行詞是指物的不定代詞時,宜用that。如,something/anything等;all/few等(+指物名詞)。

      I want to buy something that will make me look younger.

      He was talking with somebody who(m)/that I didn’t know.

      先行詞是指人的不定代詞時,宜用who(m)/that。如,somebody/anybody等;all/few等(+指人名詞)。

      All the people who/that present burst into tears.

      You should hand in all (the things) that you have.

      All the books, which had pictures in them were sent to the little girl.(有all但非限定,則用which。)

      主句是there be句型時,先行詞指人用who(m)/that,先行詞指物用that

      There’re some people who/that have holidays in Hainan.

      There is a seat in the corner that is still available.

      引導詞在從句中作指人表語時,要用thatwhich,不能用who(m)

      He is not the man that he was.(用that作指人表語)

      The policeman was completely trusted, which in fact he was.(在非限制性定從中,用which作指人表語。)

       

      注:的例句見第四節..6的例句見第五節.一。

       

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