all this 還是 all these

■安徽省臨泉縣班超教育  張必成

在做短文改錯和寫作的時候，我們經常會遇到上文對事件或事物列舉的情形，而在列舉之后對于如何作總結性銜接的問題大家時常會感到有些困惑。本文試就all this和all these在語篇中的這種功能及其在具體應試中的應對策略做一下簡單探討。

【試題展示】

先看看一個短文改錯實戰練習題:

 I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. Although the city is modern and convenience, there are still some problems, such as airs pollution, crowdedness and noise. In the countryside I can enjoy comfortable and quiet life. There, the air is fresh but the water is clean. Trees are green and birds is singing. I can also go to boating, fishing and swimming in the lake. What’s worse, I can climb the hills. All this will be interesting and good for your health. Above all, I can learn more about nature. So I wanted to go to the countryside for a change. I’m looking forward to the come of my summer holiday. （上文黑色粗體字是需要改動之處）

這篇文章中最讓同學們及老師糾結的就是這里的all this --- 既然上文列舉了那么多在鄉間生活的方方面面的事，那么這里的this要不要改成these呢？

【簡要分析】

一、這里實際上涉及到的是二者在語篇中回指 (back referring) 功能方面的區別。咱們先看看在談到 this/that/these/those這四個詞單獨表回指功能的時候, L.G.亞歷山大在其《朗文英語語法中》p592的例句及觀點:

1. He was very late. This / That delayed us. 他來得晚，這使得我們耽擱了。

注意這里this/that 用來回指的是上文的單獨事件——他來晚了。

2. —I broke my leg and my sister’s house burnt down. 我的腿摔斷了,我妹妹的房子燒毀了。

—When did this / that happen? 這一切是啥時候的事啊？

注意這里this/that 用來回指的是上文的兩件事。亞歷山大明確指出，這里絕不可以使用these/ those 用來回指。

二、英語中，all this類似于一個慣用語, 其多用于對上文列舉一連串事件進行總結，在語篇上起到承上啟下的銜接作用。所以說本篇短文改錯中的this無須改用these，相反，這樣使用反而會使語言顯得更加地道。

all these不像all this一樣具有慣用語的性質，在《柯林斯高階》和《漢英大詞典》總共出現的帶有all these的30個例句中，these都毫無例外地后跟一個復數名詞。所以綜上，這句話不必把this改為these。

【更多高考例證】

1.      【2004年全國Ⅰ卷第30題】 You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.

2.      【2009年江蘇卷寫作滿分范文】With the functions of inserting, deleting, moving and copying, it enables us to edit test, browse web page and download what we want. It can even bring us a flood of music, movies and PC games. Just imagine, all this can be done with a cute mouse.

3.      【美文導刊英語段落模板】Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______. For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.

4.      【1999年上海高考寫作范文】There are several reasons why English is my favorite subject.  First, English is ......; Secondly，it is believed...... For all these reasons we should not only learn English but master it in the shortest time possible.

5.      【2007年全國卷II寫作范文】It also provides hot water bath service. You can enjoy both Chinese and western food in the restaurant and drink coffee and tea in the cafe. The swimming pool is open for free the whole day. All these services can bring great convenience to you and are very enjoyable.

【策略總結】

all this 與 all these 在語篇中都有總結性回指(back referring)上文的功能。前者往往單獨使用，不管上文提及的是一件還是若干事物和事實; 后者多回指上文具體的事物，往往后跟復數名詞。使用前者往往顯得語言更加地道。準確掌握其用法在實戰應試特別是寫作中意義重大。

【補充】

實際上這篇短文改錯是根據2004年湖南省高考英語試卷的寫作范文所改編。現隨附如下，供大家參考:

 I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. Although the city is modern and convenient, there are still some problems, such as air pollution, crowdedness and noise. In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life. There, the air is fresh and the water is clean. Trees are green and birds are singing. I can also go boating, fishing and swimming in the lake. What’s more, I can climb the hills. All this will be interesting and good for my health. Above all, I can learn more about nature. So I want to go to the countryside for a change. I’m looking forward to the coming of my summer holiday.