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定語從句口訣(一) |
作者:劉永科 文章來源:本站原創(chuàng) 點擊數(shù) 更新時間:2013-06-30 文章錄入:劉永科 責任編輯:admin |
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三、定語從句“口訣一”詳解 定語從句真奇妙, 關系代(副)詞來引導, 定語從句分兩種, 是否限定看逗號。 該口訣的意思是,定語從句由關系代詞(which, that, who, whom, whose)和關系副詞(where, when, why)來引導。請同學們牢記這8個詞。 定語從句分“限制性定語從句”和“非限制性定語從句”兩種,前者表示與主句的關系比較密切,它說明先行詞的性質(zhì)、身份、特征等狀況。如果去掉,則會影響句子意思的完整。后者表示與主句的關系不十分密切,只是對先行詞作些附加說明而已。如果去掉,主句意思仍然清楚完整。它跟主句之間常用逗號分開,翻譯時通常不譯作定語,而是單獨譯成與主句并列的句子。請比較: Tom is a boy who often helps others. 湯姆是一個經(jīng)常幫助別人的男孩。(who often helps others是限制性定語從句。如果去掉,Tom is a boy.這個句子就沒什么意義。) Yesterday I met Tom, who seemed a little upset. 昨天我見到了湯姆,他看起來有點心煩意亂。(who seemed a little upset是非限制性定語從句。如果去掉,Yesterday I met Tom.仍有意義。) 又如: A doctor is a person who looks after people's health. 醫(yī)生就是負責人們健康的人。 This is the diamond which the lady has lost. 這就是那位女士丟失的鉆石。 The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. 我學習了僅兩年的那所學校離家3公里遠。 I still remember the time when I first traveled by plane. 我仍然記得第一次坐飛機旅行的時間。 (以上為限制性定語從句) Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Second World War. 昨晚我看了一部非常好的電影,它是關于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的。 My parents live in my hometown, which is about 30 kilometers from here. 我的父母住我的家鄉(xiāng),離這里大約30公里。 Alice, who is a distant relative of mine, studies in Yale now. 愛麗絲是我的一位遠房親戚,她現(xiàn)在耶魯學習。 The house, where a murder case happened last year, has got a lovely garden. 那棟房子有一個漂亮的花園,去年那里發(fā)生過一起謀殺案。 (以上為非限制性定語從句) 四、定語從句“口訣二”詳解 which指物who指人, 地點where時間when, that人或物均可, why之前是reason。 該口訣的意思是,選用什么樣的關系代詞(或關系副詞),是由先行詞決定的。定語從句所修飾的詞叫做先行詞;連接先行詞和定語從句的詞叫做關系詞(包括關系代詞和關系副詞),也叫引導詞。關系詞不僅在先行詞與定語從句之間起連接作用,而且也充當定語從句中的一個成分。例如: They planted some trees which didn’t need much water. 他們種植了一些不大需要水的樹木。(which指物) The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada . 昨天參觀我們學校的那位外國人來自加拿大。(who指人) This is the house where the old scientist once lived. 這是那位老科學家曾經(jīng)居住過的房子。(為了押韻才說“地點where”。意思是說,先行詞是地點時,關系詞用where。) I will never forget the day when I joined the Youth League. 我將永遠不會忘記我加入團的那一天。(為了押韻才說“時間when”。意思是說,先行詞是時間時,關系詞用when。) Do you know the man that is reading a book over there? 你認識正在那兒讀書的那個人嗎?(that人或物均可) This is a supermarket that sells a variety of goods. 這是一家出售各種各樣商品的超市。(that人或物均可) I don’t know the reason why he is late. 我不知道他遲到的原因。(為了押韻才說“why之前是reason”。意思是說,先行詞是原因reason時,關系詞用why。) 【注意】當定語從句由關系副詞where, when或why引導時,可以用“介詞+which”代替。例如: This is the house where the old scientist once lived. = This is the house in which the old scientist once lived. I will never forget the day when I joined the Youth League. = I will never forget the day on which I joined the Youth League. She came around to explain the reason why she was absent from the meeting. = She came around to explain the reason for which she was absent from the meeting. 【注意】并非所有的地點、時間或原因,后面的定語從句都要用where, when或why引導。如果定語從句中缺少主語或賓語,那么,就要用that或which引導。例如: This is the house that/which (不用where) my father built last year. 這是我父親去年建造的房子。(作定語從句的賓語) Do you still remember the days that/which (不用when) we spent in the countryside? 你是否還記得我們在鄉(xiāng)下度過的那些日子嗎?(作定語從句的賓語) I won’t listen to the reason that/which (不用why)you have given us. 我堅決不聽你給我們提供的那個理由。(作定語從句的賓語)
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