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《that用法新探》(中) |
作者:李 翔 文章來源:本站原創 點擊數 更新時間:2013-04-22 文章錄入:李翔 責任編輯:admin |
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《That用法新探》(中)
本站特約作者 李翔
三、指示代詞 that 3.1引言 指示代詞that的意思是“那個”,其復數形式為those(那些);其相對應的詞為this,意思是“這個”, this的復數形式為these(這些)。 《新編英語語法》(第三版)p332上認為指示代詞that通常在一定的照應關系中出現,其確切含義通常取決于上下文中的照應對象(Referent)或其它非語言因素( Extralinguistic Factor),從而這一類詞在一定上下中形成的照應關系叫做“指示照應”(Demonstrative Reference)。 3.2指示代詞that的句法功能 指示代詞that在句子中通常可以充當主語、賓語和表語(主語補語)。 3.2.1 指示代詞that用作主語 例如: That was many years ago. 3.2.2 指示代詞that用作賓語 例如: Have you got that? Do they always dance like that in France ? 3.2.3 指示代詞that用作表語(主語補語) 例如: Oh, it’s not that. 另外,that之后可以接which從句,但這種用法很正式。例如: They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured. 據說唯一真實的知識是可以檢驗的知識。 That which an individual seeks, that he will find. 一個人要尋找的東西總會找到的。 3.3指示代詞that指代人或物 指示代詞that通常指物,不指人。但是,用于“主語+系動詞+表語”結構中,在以下列情況下,指示代詞that可以用來指人。 a. 當說話人在介紹他人的時候,可以說: This is my brother John. John, this is my classmate Sunny. 這是我弟弟約翰。約翰,這是我同學桑妮。 That is her husband. Good morning. This is (I am) Sunny. 早安,我是桑妮。 注:I am比 This is正式一點,比較適合陌生人之間使用。 b. 指著一張照片或名單可以說:These are my parents. Those are my children. c. 在電話中,this和 that可以指在電話中交談的雙方。美國人用this指雙方;英國人則用this指自己,用that指對方。 例如: Who’s this speaking, please? (美) 請問你是誰? Who’s that speaking, please? (英) 請問你是誰? d. that和 this可以和 it 一樣用來辨認某人是誰。例如: That is my mother. That looks like your father. “Who’s that?” “It’s John. This is John. Is that Susan? 總之,指示代詞指人是受到嚴格限制的。在這個問題上,指示代詞that(this) 和those(these)還略有區別。在一定的語境中,those(these)可以指人。例如: She spent an unhappy weekend with her parents. These (=her parents) did not very greatly care for her. 但是,不可以改為:She spent an unhappy weekend with her mother. ﹡That did not very greatly care for her. 因為that(this)不可以單獨指人,但可以用限定詞“that(this)+名詞”:She spent an unhappy weekend with her mother. That old woman did not very greatly care for her. 正因為指示代詞those(these)在一定的語境中,既可以指人,也可以指物,因而在某些情況下就會引起歧義。例如: For hundreds of years, ST Bernard (圣伯納寺院) dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the Pass (山口).These were kept at the monastery even in Roman times. 在這里,these的指代是有歧義的,既可以指dogs,也可以指travellers,如果改為…, These dogs were kept at the monastery even in Roman times. 指代就明確了。 另外,《賀氏英語語法全書》p325、《高級英語語法》(最新修訂)p126-130、張軼前《通用英語代詞、替代詞教程》P71-78和Longman English Grammar《朗曼英語語法》p163-165對指示代詞that的作用進行了詳盡的描述。
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